In the early 14th century, a new empire emerged in South India that would become one of the most powerful and prosperous in the region's history. The Vijayanagar Empire, founded by two brothers, Harihara and Bukka, lasted for over three centuries and left a lasting impact on the culture, politics, and economy of the region. Despite its significance, however, the Vijayanagar Empire has been largely forgotten in modern times. In this book, Robert Sewell seeks to rectify this oversight by providing a comprehensive history of the empire, drawing on a wide range of sources to paint a vivid picture of its rise and fall. Through his meticulous research and engaging writing style, Sewell brings to life a forgotten era of Indian history and sheds new light on the complex forces that shaped the region.
The book "A Forgotten Empire: Vijayanagar; A Contribution to the History of India" by Robert Sewell provides a detailed account of the Vijayanagar Empire, which was one of the most powerful and prosperous empires in South India. The empire was founded in 1336 by two brothers, Harihara and Bukka, who were appointed as governors of the region by the Delhi Sultanate.
The geographical location of the Vijayanagar Empire was strategic, as it was situated in the Deccan Plateau, which was a fertile region with abundant natural resources. The empire was surrounded by the Western Ghats on the west, the Eastern Ghats on the east, and the Bay of Bengal on the east coast. The Tungabhadra River flowed through the empire, providing water for irrigation and transportation.
The Vijayanagar Empire was also strategically located on the trade routes between the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, which made it a hub for trade and commerce. The empire was known for its rich resources of gold, diamonds, and precious stones, which attracted traders from all over the world.
The historical background of the Vijayanagar Empire is also significant, as it was established during a time of political instability in South India. The Delhi Sultanate had conquered most of the region, and the local rulers were constantly fighting for power. The Vijayanagar Empire emerged as a powerful force that was able to resist the Delhi Sultanate and establish a stable and prosperous kingdom.
Overall, the geographical and historical background of the Vijayanagar Empire played a crucial role in its rise to power and prosperity. The empire's strategic location and rich resources made it a hub for trade and commerce, while its ability to resist the Delhi Sultanate and establish a stable kingdom ensured its longevity.
The Vijayanagar Empire was one of the most powerful and prosperous empires in South India. According to Robert Sewell in his book "A Forgotten Empire: Vijayanagar; A Contribution to the History of India", the empire was founded in 1336 by two brothers, Harihara and Bukka, who were appointed as governors by the Kakatiya dynasty. The brothers established their capital at Vijayanagara, which means "City of Victory", and began to expand their territory through military conquests.
Sewell describes the rise of the Vijayanagar Empire as a result of several factors, including the decline of the Kakatiya dynasty, the invasion of the Delhi Sultanate, and the emergence of a new political and cultural identity in South India. He writes, "The Vijayanagar Empire was the outcome of a long series of political and social changes which had been going on for centuries in the South of India."
One of the key factors in the rise of the Vijayanagar Empire was its military strength. The empire had a well-trained army that was able to defeat its enemies in battle. Sewell notes that the Vijayanagar army was "composed of infantry, cavalry, and elephants, and was equipped with the most modern weapons of the time."
Another important factor was the empire's economic prosperity. The Vijayanagar Empire was located in a region that was rich in natural resources, including gold, diamonds, and precious stones. The empire also had a thriving trade network that connected it to other parts of India and the world. Sewell writes, "The Vijayanagar Empire was one of the wealthiest and most prosperous empires of its time."
Finally, the Vijayanagar Empire was able to establish a strong cultural identity that was distinct from the rest of India. The empire was known for its patronage of the arts, literature, and architecture. Sewell notes that "the Vijayanagar Empire was a great center of learning and culture, and its rulers were known for their love of the arts."
In conclusion, the rise of the Vijayanagar Empire was the result of a combination of factors, including military strength, economic prosperity, and a strong cultural identity. The empire was able to establish itself as one of the most powerful and prosperous empires in South India, and its legacy can still be seen in the region today.
The Vijayanagara Empire was one of the most powerful and prosperous empires in South India during the medieval period. The reign of Bukka Raya I, who ruled from 1356 to 1377 CE, was a significant period in the history of the empire. Bukka Raya I was the second king of the Sangama dynasty, which was founded by his elder brother Harihara I.
During his reign, Bukka Raya I consolidated the power of the Vijayanagara Empire and expanded its territories. He defeated the neighboring kingdoms of Hoysalas, Yadavas, and Kakatiyas and established his authority over them. He also defeated the Bahmani Sultanate, which was a major threat to the Vijayanagara Empire.
Bukka Raya I was a patron of art and literature. He encouraged the development of the Kannada language and literature and supported the famous Kannada poet, Kumara Vyasa. He also patronized the construction of several temples and monuments, including the famous Virupaksha temple in Hampi.
One of the significant achievements of Bukka Raya I was the establishment of a stable and efficient administration. He divided his empire into several provinces and appointed governors to administer them. He also introduced a system of revenue collection and taxation, which helped in the economic development of the empire.
Bukka Raya I was a devout Hindu and a follower of the Vaishnava sect. He patronized several Hindu temples and supported the Brahmin priests. He also encouraged the practice of Hinduism and the performance of religious rituals.
In conclusion, the reign of Bukka Raya I was a period of consolidation and expansion for the Vijayanagara Empire. His achievements in the fields of administration, art, literature, and religion contributed significantly to the growth and prosperity of the empire.
The reign of Harihara II marked a significant period in the history of the Vijayanagar Empire. According to Robert Sewell, Harihara II was "one of the most powerful and successful of the early kings of Vijayanagar" (Sewell, 1900, p. 77). During his reign, which lasted from 1377 to 1404, Harihara II expanded the empire's territory and consolidated its power. He marched against the Reddis of Kondavidu, and after a long and obstinate struggle, succeeded in reducing them to submission. He then annexed their territory to his own dominions, and thus added greatly to the extent and importance of his kingdom.
One of Harihara II's most notable achievements was his successful campaign against the Reddis of Kondavidu. Sewell describes this campaign as follows:
In addition to his military conquests, Harihara II was also known for his patronage of the arts and literature. Sewell notes that "he was a great lover of learning, and encouraged the cultivation of literature and the arts" (Sewell, 1900, p. 78). This patronage helped to establish Vijayanagar as a center of culture and learning in South India.
Overall, the reign of Harihara II was a period of expansion and consolidation for the Vijayanagar Empire. His military conquests and patronage of the arts helped to establish the empire as a major power in South India, and set the stage for the continued growth and prosperity of Vijayanagar in the centuries to come.
Deva Raya I was one of the most prominent rulers of the Vijayanagara Empire, and his reign marked a significant period in the history of India. According to Robert Sewell in his book "A Forgotten Empire: Vijayanagar; A Contribution to the History of India," Deva Raya I was "a great warrior and a wise ruler" (Sewell, 1900, p. 87). He ascended to the throne in 1406 CE and ruled for nearly 25 years.
During his reign, Deva Raya I expanded the empire's territory and strengthened its military power. He waged successful campaigns against neighboring kingdoms and established Vijayanagara as a dominant force in South India. Sewell notes that "Deva Raya I was a great conqueror, and his victories extended the boundaries of the empire to the farthest limits reached by any of his predecessors" (Sewell, 1900, p. 87).
In addition to his military achievements, Deva Raya I was also known for his patronage of the arts and literature. He was a devout follower of the Vaishnava sect of Hinduism and commissioned several temples and sculptures dedicated to Lord Vishnu. Sewell writes that "Deva Raya I was a liberal patron of learning and encouraged the cultivation of literature and the arts" (Sewell, 1900, p. 88).
Despite his many accomplishments, Deva Raya I faced several challenges during his reign. He had to deal with rebellions from some of his vassals and faced threats from the Bahmani Sultanate in the north. However, he was able to overcome these challenges and maintain the stability of his empire.
Overall, the reign of Deva Raya I was a period of great prosperity and cultural advancement for the Vijayanagara Empire. His legacy as a warrior, patron of the arts, and wise ruler continues to be celebrated in Indian history and culture.
Krishna Deva Raya was one of the most prominent rulers of the Vijayanagara Empire, which was a powerful Hindu kingdom in South India during the 14th to 16th centuries. He ascended to the throne in 1509 and ruled for over two decades until his death in 1530. During his reign, the empire reached its zenith in terms of political power, military might, and cultural achievements.
Krishna Deva Raya was a patron of arts and literature, and his court was a center of learning and creativity. He himself was a scholar and a poet, and his works in Telugu and Sanskrit are considered to be among the finest in Indian literature. He also encouraged the translation of ancient texts into Telugu, which helped to spread knowledge and wisdom among the common people.
Under his leadership, the Vijayanagara Empire expanded its territories and defeated its enemies in several battles. Krishna Deva Raya was a skilled military strategist and a brave warrior, and he personally led his troops in many campaigns. He conquered the neighboring kingdoms of Udayagiri, Raichur, and Kondavidu, and also defeated the Bahmani Sultanate in the Battle of Raichur in 1520.
Krishna Deva Raya was a just and benevolent ruler, and he was loved by his subjects. He implemented several reforms to improve the administration and the economy of the empire. He abolished many oppressive taxes and encouraged trade and commerce. He also built several irrigation projects and public works, which helped to increase agricultural productivity and provide employment to the people.
In conclusion, the reign of Krishna Deva Raya was a golden age in the history of the Vijayanagara Empire. His legacy as a great ruler, a patron of arts and literature, and a champion of justice and prosperity continues to inspire people even today.
The Vijayanagar Empire was one of the most powerful and prosperous empires in South India during the medieval period. The administration of the empire was highly organized and efficient, with a well-defined hierarchy of officials and a complex system of revenue collection.
At the top of the administrative hierarchy was the king, who was considered to be a divine ruler and was assisted by a council of ministers. The king was responsible for making all major decisions related to governance, including matters of war and peace, taxation, and justice.
Below the king were a number of high-ranking officials, including the prime minister, the chief justice, and the commander-in-chief of the army. These officials were responsible for overseeing various aspects of the administration, such as the collection of taxes, the maintenance of law and order, and the defense of the empire.
The empire was divided into a number of provinces, each of which was governed by a governor appointed by the king. The governor was responsible for maintaining law and order in the province, collecting taxes, and ensuring that the revenue was sent to the capital.
The revenue collection system of the Vijayanagar Empire was highly sophisticated and efficient. The empire relied primarily on land revenue, which was collected by a network of officials and agents. The revenue was collected in kind, with a portion of the crop being taken as tax. The empire also collected revenue from trade, customs duties, and other sources.
Overall, the administration of the Vijayanagar Empire was highly centralized and efficient, with a well-defined hierarchy of officials and a complex system of revenue collection. The empire was able to maintain its power and prosperity for several centuries, making it one of the most important empires in the history of South India.
The book "A Forgotten Empire: Vijayanagar; A Contribution to the History of India" by Robert Sewell provides a detailed account of the society and culture of the Vijayanagar Empire. The author describes the empire as a "great Hindu kingdom" that was "renowned for its wealth, power, and magnificence" (Sewell, 1900, p. 1). The society of the Vijayanagar Empire was divided into various castes, with the Brahmins occupying the highest position in the social hierarchy. The author notes that "the Brahmins were the most respected and influential class in the kingdom" (Sewell, 1900, p. 10). The Vijayanagar Empire was known for its rich cultural heritage, which was a blend of Hindu and Islamic traditions. The author describes the empire as a "centre of learning and culture" (Sewell, 1900, p. 2). The literature of the Vijayanagar Empire was rich and varied, with works in Sanskrit, Telugu, and Kannada" (Sewell, 1900, p. 4). The music and dance of the Vijayanagar Empire were highly refined and sophisticated" (Sewell, 1900, p. 5).
The Vijayanagar Empire was known for its rich cultural heritage, which was a blend of Hindu and Islamic traditions. The author describes the empire as a "centre of learning and culture" (Sewell, 1900, p. 2). The empire was home to many temples, which were not only places of worship but also centres of art and culture. The author notes that "the temples of Vijayanagar were not only magnificent in their architecture but also rich in their sculptures and paintings" (Sewell, 1900, p. 3).
The Vijayanagar Empire was also known for its literature, music, and dance. The author notes that "the literature of the Vijayanagar Empire was rich and varied, with works in Sanskrit, Telugu, and Kannada" (Sewell, 1900, p. 4). The empire was also home to many musicians and dancers, who performed at various festivals and events. The author notes that "the music and dance of the Vijayanagar Empire were highly refined and sophisticated" (Sewell, 1900, p. 5).
In conclusion, the society and culture of the Vijayanagar Empire were rich and diverse. The empire was known for its social hierarchy, with the Brahmins occupying the highest position. The empire was also home to many temples, which were centres of art and culture. The literature, music, and dance of the Vijayanagar Empire were highly refined and sophisticated. Overall, the Vijayanagar Empire was a great Hindu kingdom that made significant contributions to the history and culture of India.
In conclusion, "A Forgotten Empire: Vijayanagar; A Contribution to the History of India" by Robert Sewell provides a comprehensive and detailed account of the Vijayanagar Empire. Through his meticulous research and analysis of various historical sources, Sewell sheds light on the political, social, and cultural aspects of the empire.
One of the key takeaways from the book is the importance of the Vijayanagar Empire in shaping the history of South India. The empire's military prowess, administrative efficiency, and patronage of the arts and literature made it a significant player in the region for over three centuries.
However, Sewell also highlights the challenges faced by the empire, including internal conflicts, external invasions, and economic instability. These factors ultimately contributed to the decline and eventual downfall of the Vijayanagar Empire.
Overall, "A Forgotten Empire: Vijayanagar; A Contribution to the History of India" is a valuable resource for anyone interested in the history of South India. Sewell's detailed and engaging narrative provides a fascinating glimpse into the rich and complex history of the Vijayanagar Empire.
Sewell, R. (1900). A Forgotten Empire: Vijayanagar; A Contribution to the History of India. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co.
Sewell, Robert. A Forgotten Empire: Vijayanagar; A Contribution to the History of India. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1900.
Burgess, James, and Robert Sewell. The Temples of Karṇāṭā. London: W. Griggs, 1880.
Fleet, John F. The Inscriptions of the Vijayanagara Kings. London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1878.
Krishnaswami Aiyangar, S. The Early History of the Vaishnavaite Sect and its Literature. Madras: University of Madras, 1914.
Narasimhacharya, R. History of the Kannada Language. Mysore: University of Mysore, 1942.
Rice, B. Lewis. Mysore: A Gazetteer Compiled for Government. Bangalore: Government Press, 1897.
Rice, E. P. Kannada Literature. London: W. H. Allen & Co., 1921.
Rice, E. P. The History of Mysore from the Earliest Times to 1799. Bangalore: Government Press, 1921.
Sastri, Nilakanta K. A History of South India. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1955.
Sewell, Robert. The Indian Calendar for the Year 1871. Madras: Higginbotham & Co., 1871.